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rodsullivan.org
SULLIVAN'S SALVOS
January 22, 2011
Sullivan’s Salvos 1/25/11 In this edition: *County Tax Rates *Illinois Raises Income Taxes *Chamber Ag Breakfast Series *Bowl For Kids’ Sake *Did You Know? *County Tax Rates The Iowa State Association of Counties (ISAC) is out with county tax rankings for 2010. I think these may be of interest as we move forward in the budgeting process. Ranking counties on tax rates can get complicated. There are really 3 separate rates to look at: 1.) General Fund Rate: All property owners (even those who live in the cities) pay this rate. 2.) Rural Fund Rate: Only rural property owners pay this rate. 3.) Overall Rate: The combination of the two rates. So, how does Johnson County compare? Contrary to popular opinion, taxes in Johnson County are quite reasonable, perhaps even low. 1.) General Fund: 28 counties are higher than Johnson County’s $7.38 per thousand in valuation; 70 are lower. 2.) Rural Fund: 84 counties are higher than Johnson County’s $2.57 per thousand in valuation; 14 are lower. 3.) Overall Rate: 58 counties are higher than Johnson County’s $9.96 per thousand in valuation; 40 are lower. I am very satisfied with our current rankings. I feel that Johnson County does an excellent job of balancing the needs and wants of county residents with the taxes we assess. What are your thoughts? *Illinois Raises Income Taxes Fortunately, Iowa has a balanced budget. Unfortunately, Iowa is one of only a handful of states in that situation. Immediately to our east, Illinois is facing a $15 billion budget shortfall. While New York, California, and other states struggle to find politically acceptable ways to address their budgetary issues, Illinois simply did the courageous and correct thing. Illinois increased state income taxes on top earners from 3-5%. This will generate about $7 billion dollars, thus halving the budget deficit. Most economists (and most reasonable people) agree that there are only two ways to address a budget shortfall: increase revenues and decrease expenditures. Similarly, most economists (and most reasonable people) agree that the fairest way to address a budget shortfall is through a combination of both approaches. That is precisely what Illinois plans to do. Half of the deficit is addressed through revenue; now the other half will need to be addressed through cuts. When politicians speak of “shared sacrifice”, well, that is precisely what Illinois is doing. I can assure you, $7 billion in cuts will affect public services. The cuts that remain will hurt. The cuts they STILL need to make will affect elementary and secondary students, colleges and universities, poor children, people with disabilities, seniors, and many other vulnerable groups. To balance the budget only through cuts would have been draconian, and unfair to the poorest residents. Additionally, Illinois raised the INCOME tax, meaning they chose the most progressive method available to them. Under this plan, those best able to pay more will do so. It obviously took several years of bad choices to create the situation in Illinois; it will not likely be fixed quickly. Moving forward, it is great to see Illinois exhibiting such courage and correct thinking. *Chamber Ag Breakfast Series The 2011 Chamber Agribusiness/Bioscience Breakfast Series begins this Friday morning with the theme “It’s Easy Being Green!” Breakfast programs are held from 7:30 - 8:30 a.m. on the fourth Friday of the month, January – March at Hills Bank and Trust Company, Coralville Office. Cost is $10 for members/$12 for future members. Session 1 is January 28, and features ORGANICS: A GREENER WAY TO GROW. Panelists: Theresa Carbrey, New Pioneer Co-op; Jason Grimm, Iowa Valley Resource Conservation and Development; Joanna Mouming, Kalona Organics; and Marty Pitsulka, United Natural Foods, Inc. Topics include: Kalona Organics recently launched brand, Kalona Supernatural, which features products that come largely from small, Amish / Mennonite family farms. The Iowa Valley Resource Conservation & Development (RC&D) Regional Food Initiative, I-Food group, which supports organic farmers, access to organic food and access to resources and training for organic farm production. United Natural Food, Inc.'s role in the organic industry as the leading U.S. independent national distributor of natural, organic and specialty foods and related products including nutritional supplements, personal care items and organic produce. For more info on the series, call the Chamber at 337-9637. *Bowl For Kids’ Sake Big Brothers Big Sisters is once again holding Bowl For Kids Sake! This is the single biggest fundraiser of the year for BBBS, supporting all their good work. The event this year is February 26 & 27 at Colonial Lanes. Sullivan for Supervisor will once again be fielding a team, and we would LOVE you to sponsor us! You can let me know via E-mail, or visit Big Brothers Big Sisters online at http://www.bbbsjc.kintera.org If you’d rather form your own team, there is still time! Call BBBS at 337-2145 to reserve your spot. *DID YOU KNOW? Mississippi is the state closest to Iowa in population. (Source: US Census Bureau.) Anyone interested in learning more about County government should take a look at the County website- www.johnson-county.com. "Sullivan’s Salvos" is sent once per week to any interested party. It will give a brief update on issues of interest to Johnson County residents. These messages come solely from Rod Sullivan, and neither represents the viewpoints of the whole Board of Supervisors nor those of groups or individuals otherwise mentioned. If you do NOT want the weekly E-mail, simply reply to this message, and type "unsubscribe" in the subject line. If you know anyone else who might be interested, just forward this message. They can E-mail me at rodsullivan@mchsi.com with "subscribe" in the subject line. As always, feel free to contact me at 354-7199 or rodsullivan@mchsi.com. I look forward to serving you! ---Rod
January 15, 2011
Sullivan’s Salvos 1/18/11
In this edition:
*Tucson Tragedy
*Free Tax Help!
*Congratulations, John!
*Property Maintenance Ordinance
*Did You Know?
*Tucson Tragedy
I join other Americans in offering my sincere condolences to the victims of the recent shooting in Tucson. I hope and pray for the most positive outcomes possible.
I apologize if this comes across as selfish, but the combination of this and other tragic events plus the hatred that is often directed my way really has me thinking. I never used to consider my safety in my position as an elected official. That has changed.
I know there are people out there who hate me. They tell me so. The anti-government rhetoric is personal for them. I just hope they can limit themselves and choose not to act upon that hatred. And needless to say, I hope we never again have to hear reports of mindless killings.
*Free Tax Help!
Johnson County is proud to announce another year of free tax help! “You Earned It, Now Claim It” is a program that has done great things for taxpayers in Johnson County.
Don’t pay a fee to get your refund! The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) Program provides trained volunteers that will help you file your taxes. This service is available FOR FREE to people who earned less than $49,000 in 2010. E filing is available, and translation is available at all sites.
The service is available almost every day in February and March, at sites throughout the county. Please spread the word, so even more of your friends and neighbors can avail themselves of this service!
For more information Call United Way Toll-Free by dialing: 2-1-1, or visit any of the following websites:
www.johnson-county.com • www.icpl.org • www.tippie.uiowa.edu/vita
*Congratulations, John!
Congratulations to my good friend John Stimmel as he celebrates 30 years of living on his own after spending almost 30 years at Woodward State Hospital School.
Amazing story, amazing man. Happy anniversary, John!
*Property Maintenance Ordinance
The Board of Supervisors recently met to discuss the proposed Property Maintenance Ordinance. As you may know, this proposal met fierce resistance from the Farm Bureau. After a long public hearing, the Board decided to revisit the topic after the holidays.
Well, the revisiting has occurred. News headlines struck me as a bit misleading; the proposed ordinance was not so much “dropped” as amended. I do expect something to pass in upcoming months – whether or not what passes is adequate to address the issues we face remains to be seen.
I will attempt to spell out what happened; it is important to understand that no new proposed ordinance has been drafted, and there are still plenty of opportunities for individual Supervisors to change their minds.
1. The Board was unanimous in wanting to address abandoned homes. The definition of abandoned still needs to be determined, but this appears to be an area of strong agreement.
2. The Board was unanimous in wanting to create an ordinance that sets forth standards for rental homes.
3. I had hoped that the same ordinance would also cover owner occupied homes, but that failed on a 3-2 vote. My concern is that most mobile homes are owner occupied; I’m not sure a rental-only ordinance will address that issue.
4. The Board agreed to focus the ordinance on houses; all outbuildings will be exempt. I am glad we cleared this up, as it was a major concern for many farm families.
5. Several members of the Farm Bureau had lobbied for an exemption for farmhouses. The Board voted 3-2 to include all houses. I am glad this happened, too. It has always amazed me that we would exempt someone from an ordinance because of her/his occupation. If we tried to exempt bankers, the public would be furious – and it should be! I grew up on a farm, and I respect the farm life. But I see no compelling reason to exempt the homes of farmers.
6. Others had lobbied for an exemption when one family member rents to another. The Board decided against exempting family-to-family rentals. I can see some merit to this, and I might be persuaded, but I want to hear from other governmental units first.
7. The Board decided to enforce any ordinance on a “complaint only” basis. There are some tough choices here. By only investigating complaints, the implementation of the ordinance would cost virtually nothing. Existing inspectors (who now inspect only new construction) could easily deal with complaints as part of their current jobs.
On the other hand, only inspecting on a complaint basis may be useless. There may be lots of very substandard rentals that are never seen. But, inspecting every property would necessitate a registry and inspections every 2-3 years. This would likely lead to inspection fees, and potentially require additional staff.
Is that all as clear as mud? Staff in Planning and Zoning and the County Attorney’s Office will now be charged with putting these decisions into a draft ordinance. I’ll let you know once a draft is available for public viewing.
Another interesting development was that the Johnson County Republican Party passed a resolution opposing a property maintenance code. A half dozen local GOP activists showed up, and a couple voiced their disapproval.
I find this interesting, since most Johnson County residents live in a jurisdiction that already has such codes. I specifically asked if they would like to see the existing codes repealed in Iowa City, Coralville, North Liberty, etc. But no one really answered my question.
The Board had a public hearing, and over 200 people showed up. Many were angry. My guess is that some folks will attempt to capitalize upon that electorally, as is their right. So look for this to be an issue in future campaigns for Supervisor.
So – what are your thoughts? I would like to know!
*DID YOU KNOW? Armored knights raised their visors to identify themselves when they rode past their king. This custom has become the modern military salute.
Anyone interested in learning more about County government should take a look at the County website-
www.johnson-county.com.
"Sullivan’s Salvos" is sent once per week to any interested party. It will give a brief update on issues of interest to Johnson County residents.
These messages come solely from Rod Sullivan, and neither represents the viewpoints of the whole Board of Supervisors nor those of groups or individuals otherwise mentioned.
If you do NOT want the weekly E-mail, simply reply to this message, and type "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
If you know anyone else who might be interested, just forward this message. They can E-mail me at rodsullivan@mchsi.com with "subscribe" in the subject line.
As always, feel free to contact me at 354-7199 or rodsullivan@mchsi.com. I look forward to serving you!
---Rod
January 8, 2011
Sullivan’s Salvos 1/11/11
In this edition:
*MLK Day
*Some 2011 Punditry, Part II
*Did You Know?
*MLK Day
Next Monday marks the federal holiday celebrating the birthday of the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Junior. I am so pleased that our country has chosen to honor this great man, and I hope you enjoy the holiday in his name.
We often hear about Christians who feel that Christmas has lost its meaning, and Veterans who feel the same about Veteran’s Day. I fear that this could be happening to MLK Day as well.
America has come a long way since the 60s, and overt racism is now typically (but certainly not always) frowned upon. We still have a long way to go, but we are definitely headed the right direction. I think many Americans see MLK as the embodiment of this change, and rightfully so.
But King was a radical. America grudgingly accepted racial reforms because they were less dangerous to the status quo than the other issues King championed. King took seriously the Biblical teachings that the love of money is a sin, and that rich men will not be welcomed into Heaven. He proposed seismic changes to the political and social structures that exist in America. In addition, King was adamantly anti-war. To the status quo, he was the most dangerous man in the world.
Take some time this week to read some of the great books that are out there on Dr. King. More importantly, take some time to read the things he wrote himself. And Happy MLK Day!
*Some 2011 Punditry, Part II
Last week I shared my opinion that Democrats hurt themselves politically by failing to do the right things on the policy front in a timely manner.
So, what can Democrats do now? I think there are several things the public needs:
1.) Stimulus II: The first stimulus was a blown opportunity. We needed a bigger program, less focused on tax cuts, which made significant strides toward creating new infrastructure. Look at all the great public assets we have that date to the 1930s. Now that was a stimulus!
According to the American Association of Engineers, the US is $2.3 TRILLION behind on infrastructure spending. I believe there is an opportunity to create some type of “infrastructure bank” that funds the replacement of our most critically degraded bridges. (Other infrastructure is equally if not more important, but people understand bridges. And the need is dramatic.) It is hard to imagine many Governors turning down this type of assistance. It will create jobs while improving our public assets.
Even if tremendous job growth is not achieved (and that is hard to imagine), at the worst, we are left with important public improvements. It really is a win-win.
2.) Temporarily Extend Medicare and full Social Security Benefits to Age 62: Most of us know a dozen or more people between 62 and 65 years of age who are working for two just reasons:
First, they are waiting for Medicaid to kick in, and second, they want to draw their full Social Security. If we were to extend these benefits just temporarily, millions of people would retire.
What happens when these millions of people, now secure, choose to retire? Millions of jobs open up for younger people who are struggling to find work.
3.) Address foreclosures: We need a full-fledged attack on the foreclosure crisis. I do not have all the solutions here. I just know that too many families are losing their homes. The current situation is bad for people, bad for banks, and bad for the economy. We can and must do more.
4.) REALLY Regulate Wall Street: After the crash of 2008, the American people were ready for REAL regulation of Wall Street. What we were given in 2009 was a joke. The party rages on for Wall Street. Americans know that unbridled capitalism has caused them problems galore. The middle class is ready for a clamp down on Wall Street that sees criminals punished and effective regulations put in place.
5.) Create REAL progressive taxation: As Warren Buffet has said, 95% of his success can be traced to being born in the US in the 20th Century. Our clean water, health care, immunizations, food safety, labor laws, military, laws, courts, police, infrastructure, schools, and the rest allowed Buffet to succeed. Had he been born the same year but born a woman in Bangladesh, it is doubtful Buffet would have succeeded the way he has.
How does this translate to progressive taxation? People like Buffet owe much of their success to the US. They should put some of their assets toward creating conditions that allow the next generation to be equally successful. (I think this applies to ALL of us, not just the wealthy. I just think the wealthy should contribute more.)
Can these 5 things be accomplished? Frankly, I doubt it. But I hope Congress will try. America desperately needs these things to happen!
Unfortunately, no matter what they accomplish, Dems will not get much credit, because any legislation will have to get through the GOP controlled House of Representatives. But they must not let getting credit stop them from doing the right thing.
*DID YOU KNOW? Martin Luther King Jr. ranked second in Gallup's List of the Most Admired People in the 20th century. (First place went to Mother Teresa.)
Anyone interested in learning more about County government should take a look at the County website-
www.johnson-county.com.
"Sullivan’s Salvos" is sent once per week to any interested party. It will give a brief update on issues of interest to Johnson County residents.
These messages come solely from Rod Sullivan, and neither represents the viewpoints of the whole Board of Supervisors nor those of groups or individuals otherwise mentioned.
If you do NOT want the weekly E-mail, simply reply to this message, and type "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
If you know anyone else who might be interested, just forward this message. They can E-mail me at rodsullivan@mchsi.com with "subscribe" in the subject line.
As always, feel free to contact me at 354-7199 or rodsullivan@mchsi.com. I look forward to serving you!
---Rod
January 1, 2011
Sullivan’s Salvos 12/28/10
*Happy New Year!
*Salvos Salutes!
*Happy New Year!
I want to sincerely thank you for reading Salvos throughout the year. I hope 2011 is a great year for you and yours.
*Salvos Salutes!
2010 is coming to a close, and it is time for honoring a few select Johnson County residents with that most treasured of honors, the Salvos Salute. A few observations:
* This is the fifth annual set of awards, and there are always more people who deserve awards than there are awards to give. We live in a great County!
* The focus is on Johnson County. While it is certainly worth noting the heroism of someone like Chauncey Sullenberger, Jan Shakowsky, or Mike Gronstal, we have everyday heroes right here in Johnson County that deserve a shout out.
* There are some people out there that could win every year. I am trying to honor different folks, but repeat winners are not out of the question.
* Salvos Salutes do not have specific criteria, but you can bet that in general, most of the winners are courageous, advocate for peace and justice, have good ideas, speak truth to power, avoid hypocrisy, and look out for the less fortunate.
Without further adieu, your 2010 Salvos Salutes go to:
Tom Kriz: The Johnson County Treasurer’s Office is a model for the rest of the state. They accomplish more work today with fewer staff and a smaller budget than when Treasurer Kriz started in 2002. The office is efficient, accurate, and employees take pride in their work. When people claim that government is ineffective, I point to the Treasurer’s Office and prove them wrong.
Larry Meister: Since retiring from his job as the Solon High School Principal, Larry has dedicated himself to the seniors of the Solon community. Through Solon Senior Advocates and the Livable Community Policy Board, Larry’s volunteer efforts benefit senior citizens throughout Johnson County.
Mary Palmberg: The Director of Free Lunch Program, she helps out Shelter House, Salvation Army, Table to Table, and other organizations. Mary gets a small salary for being director but does not accept it. Mary uses a pickup on Fridays to make deliveries of furniture to those in need. Mary has bicycled across the United States and up and down the Mississippi River; she does that to raise money for Free Lunch.
Joy Eyeman: If there is something happening to benefit the community, expect Joy to be involved. When you hear about the high levels of volunteerism in Johnson County, you are hearing about Joy. And she does it all with a big smile!
June Judge: People with mental illnesses face many challenges. No one has done more to tackle these problems than June. Her tireless advocacy efforts have made a big difference, though June will be the first to tell you that there is much work left to do!
Mike Townsend: Mike retired this year after more than 30 years of service to those in need. As Vice President of Goodwill Industries, he helped guide our local Goodwill through huge expansions (they are now Goodwill of the Heartland) without ever compromising the mission of the organization.
Sue Freeman: While many folks were busy badmouthing the SE side of Iowa City, Sue was rolling up her sleeves and getting to work. Sue’s job with Neighborhood Centers of Johnson County has always been part administrative, part direct service, and part advocacy. She has always been a rock for people in need. It just never made the news before.
Karen Fesler, Phil Hemmingway, & Jim Pickering: Karen, Phil, and Jim are local Republican activists. We rarely support the same candidates, and we are often on the opposite sides of issues. So why did they make the list? Because they are good people who have treated me with kindness, compassion and respect, even as we disagree on the issues of the day. Jim never fails to make my day with his teasing, so it is not as though he avoids telling me what he thinks. If only all of us (myself included) could manage to always maintain such a good nature!
Mark Ginsberg: Mark is the owner of Ginsberg Jewelers in downtown Iowa City. Put simply, Johnson County has no bigger supporter of the arts. Mark volunteers tirelessly to maintain the amenities that make Johnson County special.
Lucas Elementary DEED: Dads Engaged in Engineering Dreams (DEED), a volunteer men’s group, has helped make a difference for Lucas Elementary students, the school and the Iowa City community.
John Stimmel: If you have ever visited the Hy-Vee on First Avenue in Iowa City, you probably know John as one of the most smiling of the “helpful smiles in every aisle”. John is celebrating 30 years of living on his own after 30 years spent in Woodward State Hospital School. Unfortunately, Woodward was not a nice place when John was there. By living and working on his own, he did what everyone said he could not do. John’s story is truly inspirational.
So – what do YOU think? Are the choices good, bad, or otherwise? Who was deserving but overlooked? I appreciate your feedback.
Meanwhile, congratulations to all these deserving winners! You make Johnson County the great place that it is!
*DID YOU KNOW? Visitors to Johnson County spent $292 million in 2009, resulting in $19 million in local taxes. (Source: Iowa City/Coralville Convention & Visitors Bureau.)
Anyone interested in learning more about County government should take a look at the County website-
www.johnson-county.com.
"Sullivan’s Salvos" is sent once per week to any interested party. It will give a brief update on issues of interest to Johnson County residents.
These messages come solely from Rod Sullivan, and neither represents the viewpoints of the whole Board of Supervisors nor those of groups or individuals otherwise mentioned.
If you do NOT want the weekly E-mail, simply reply to this message, and type "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
If you know anyone else who might be interested, just forward this message. They can E-mail me at rodsullivan@mchsi.com with "subscribe" in the subject line.
As always, feel free to contact me at 354-7199 or rodsullivan@mchsi.com. I look forward to serving you!
---Rod
Sullivan’s Salvos 1/4/11
In this edition:
*Happy New Year!
*My 2011 Committees
*Congratulations, Dave!
*Some 2011 Punditry, Part I
*Did You Know?
*Happy New Year!
Happy 2011 to you and yours! I sincerely hope that this year is safe, successful, and satisfying for you and yours!
*My 2011 Committees
Supervisors serve on several committees. I have some new assignments as of 2011. A few of the things I’ll be doing:
Iowa City Area Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors, Johnson County Empowerment Board, Johnson County E911 Board, Johnson County Emergency Management Association, and the Johnson County Economic Development Committee are all new assignments.
I look forward to getting involved in these important issues! Please let me know if you ever have any questions about these or other County matters.
*Congratulations, Dave!
Congratulations to Assistant Johnson County Attorney Dave Tiffany who is retiring at the end of the week.
Dave has prosecuted some very big and important cases over his 25+ years with the County Attorney’s Office, but to me, Dave’s legacy will be his pleasant smile. I don’t believe I ever saw him frown.
Thank you, Dave, for all your efforts. The criminal justice system does not function without hardworking public servants like you. Congrats, and enjoy your retirement!
*Some 2011 Punditry
There has been a lot happening politically at the National level. I thought I would take a bit of time over the next couple issues of Salvos to share my thoughts on a few things.
As I have written previously, I was quite disappointed in the tax bill. America has a widening income gap that is approaching banana republic status. We have a deficit ballooning out of control. Low and middle-income folks need Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid more than ever. The most effective way to address all these issues is a more progressive system of taxation. The recent tax bill is the worst of all worlds. It rewards the rich, increases the deficit, and puts the safety net at risk.
The tax bill is also bad for other reasons. The estate taxes should be increased, not cut! That was a blown opportunity to address the deficit in a progressive manner. More importantly, it puts Social Security (which has never added a penny to the deficit) at risk by subjecting it to the whims of Congress.
And it did not need to be this way. The chicken____ Democrats in the US House and US Senate should have passed the tax cuts for 98% of us about a year ago. They should have forced the GOP to get on board or vote against the cuts. Then they should have run on the issue!
Wouldn’t it be interesting to see how Democrats would have done at the polls running as the party who chose to represent 98% of us, while the GOP chose to represent the wealthiest 2%? What a missed opportunity!
So, like a lot of progressives, I was unhappy with President Obama, the US House, and the US senate. I was ready to give up on all of them. My disappointment was profound.
Then, suddenly, the lame duck Congress! (I know, I know… it does not sound right!)
The list of bills that have been passed during the lame duck session is impressive, and truly remarkable given the conditions. Since the wave election in November, Congress has given us an extension of unemployment benefits, the repeal of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell, a 9/11 First Responders Bill, a new START Treaty, and a Food Safety Bill.
Look at that list, and it is really quite amazing. I certainly do not complain about the results. But I still harbor a great deal of resentment. Why? Again, it is the process.
Each of these issues was popular with the American people. Yet the Democrats in the US Senate and US House were too cowardly to take them up a year ago. What happened? The cowards lost! Then, with nothing left to lose, they finally pass some bills.
Again, wouldn’t it be interesting to see how Democrats would have done at the polls with this impressive list of accomplishments? We will never know, because they were gutless. And now additional progressive legislation will likely be delayed at least two years.
My message to Democrats everywhere? Stand for something. Be willing to lose an election by doing the right thing. Do not wait for the perfect timing– just get to work!
That is my take… what are your thoughts?
*DID YOU KNOW? Despite passing 3 million in population for the first time, Iowa will lose a Congressional seat in 2011. Why? Two reasons: First, each state must have at least one Representative. So there are not really 435 seats to allocate; it is more like 428. Secondly, Iowa’s growth is slower than the growth of most US states.
Anyone interested in learning more about County government should take a look at the County website-
www.johnson-county.com.
"Sullivan’s Salvos" is sent once per week to any interested party. It will give a brief update on issues of interest to Johnson County residents.
These messages come solely from Rod Sullivan, and neither represents the viewpoints of the whole Board of Supervisors nor those of groups or individuals otherwise mentioned.
If you do NOT want the weekly E-mail, simply reply to this message, and type "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
If you know anyone else who might be interested, just forward this message. They can E-mail me at rodsullivan@mchsi.com with "subscribe" in the subject line.
As always, feel free to contact me at 354-7199 or rodsullivan@mchsi.com. I look forward to serving you!
---Rod
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